King Oedipus as The Classical Greek Tragic Hero Essay -- Oedipus Tragi

King Oedipus as The Classical Greek Tragic Hero In his Poetics, Aristotle define the term tragedy as a man non preeminently virtuous and just, whose misfortune, however, is brought upon him not by vice or depravity, but by some error in judgement the change in the heros fortune must not be from misery to happiness, but on the contrary, from happiness to misery. From this definition, he further expanded it by delineate the profile of the Classical Greek tragic hero, basing it on what he considered the best tragedy ever written, Sophocles Oedipus Rex. He felt that a tragedy should comprise of the heros truth and superiority, a tragic flaw in which the hero makes fatal errors in judgement which eventually lead to his downfall, a tragic realisation in which the principal(prenominal) character understand how he has unwittingly helped to bring about his own destruction and the absence of freewill in the tragic heros liveliness. Oedipus was a good prescript just, compassionate and sy m lineetic. When the priests of Thebes approached him, pleading for help on behalf of the people of Thebes who were suffering from death and famine. Oedipus immediately agreed and promised them that he would do his best in solving the problems, state that his heart bore ?the weight of his own? and ?all of his people?s sorrows?. He promised to ?bring everything to light?. Oedipus was also a filial son. When he premiere learnt about the prophecy in Corinth, he was unwilling to stay and left immediately, in case circumstances would ever lead him to kill the King and link up the Queen of Corinth, whom he had then thought of as his natural parents.Oedipus? superiority was also evident in the play, not only through his ran poove of the king of Thebes, which automatically placed him far above the nobles, priests and common people, but also through his intelligence. When the Sphinx ?plagued? the city by blocking the city gates and eating those who could not answer its riddle, which was w hat is it that goes on four feet in the morning, two feet at midday, and three feet in the evening? Oedipus was the only person able to chase the Sphinx away with the excoriate answer of ?man?. This led to him becoming the king of Thebes which in turn led to his superiority of ranking.However, Oedipus was not a perfect man. His tragic flaw was that of stubbornness, impulsiveness and almost of all, his grandiosity (wh... ...d that Oedipus find Lauis? killer. This sparked off a whole chain of events which led to Oedipus finding out the truth, Jocasta killing herself, Oedipus blinding himself and finally leaving Thebes. The man who at a time was envied and respected was now an outcast, despised and hated. A tragedy must be an imitation of life in the form of a serious story that is shade in itself. In other words, the story must be realistic and narrow in focus. A good tragedy would evoke pity and cultism in its viewers, causing the viewers to experience a feeling of catharsis. C atharsis, a Greek word in origin, means purgation or purification. caterpillar tread through the gamut of these strong emotions would leave viewers feeling elated, in the same way we often claim that a good cry would make a person feel better. Oedipus Rex is a perfect example of what Aristotle meant by a tragedy. It talks about a man who has no say in what path his life would take, a man who once had everything. He was a king, a good husband and father, a man contented with his lot in life who eventually lost his status, wife, children and home. He evokes sympathy simply because he was not evil or foolish, just human and fallible.

The Prime Minister of Canada Essay -- Politics, Government

The Prime Minister of Canada is given much power and much responsibility. This could potentially create a dangerous situation if the government held a majority and was able to pass any legislation, luckily this is not the case. This paper will argue that there argon many limitations, which the power of the prime minister is subject too. Three of the main limitations, which the Prime Minister is affected by, are first, federalism, second the governor general and third, the postulate of rights and freedoms. I will support this argument by analyzing two dissimilar types of federalism and how they impact the power of the Prime Minister. Next I will look at 3 of the Governor Generals Powers and further analyze one of them. Last I will look at the impact of the charter from the larger participation the exoteric can have in government, and how it increased the power of the courts. Frist, federalism is the division of power between the provinces and the federal government (Cutler 2010, 3 ). As well, Federal systems tend to be do up of multiple parts, which do not necessarily work together (Brock 2008, 3). There has been an increase on the study of federalism in recent years, which has created a more than in-depth look at how federalism impacts the government. (Farfard Rocher 2009, 294). There are two aspects of federalism and both of them put limitations on the influence of the prime minister. The first is called political asymmetry this encompasses the various attitudes of the different provinces such as the culture, economic, social and political conditions and how it shapes the relationship between the provincial and federal governments (Brock 2008, 4). This can create a problem for the federal government because it office that they may ha... ...ratic process but it at least protects the rights of Canadians and prevents all out domination the majority. This essay has argued that there are many limitations that the Prime Minister is subjected too. The three mo st important are federalism in Canadian society, the role of the Governor General, and the charter of rights and freedoms. I used two different views of federalism and illustrated how both of them put boundaries on the Prime Ministers power. Next I explain the powers of the governor general, and explained the ability to dissolve parliament in greater detail. Last I canvas how the charter of rights of freedoms has limited the Prime Ministers power with respect to policy-making, interests groups and the courts. The Prime Minister does not have absolute power in Canadian society, there are many infringements on the power that they have to respect.

Plastic Surgery Essay -- Plastic Surgery Cosmetic Surgery

Have you ever considered having plastic surgery? After reading this paper you office want the surgery or you might not. Plastic surgery, a form of art, can reconstruct your body and renew your confidence but can you accept the risks involved?Plastic surgery ranges from one- gee dollars to three- thousand dollars or more depending on the surgery (Body fat reduction Suction-Assisted Lipectomy). There are plenty types of plastic surgery. One type is c anyed liposuction. The best candidates for liposuction are of relatively normal weight with pockets of excess fat in particular areas. They should be physically healthy, psychologically stable, and realistic in your expectations. An important thing is to cause firm and elastic skin. Loose, drooping skin wont reshape to your bodys new contours, and whitethorn require an additional procedure to surgically remove the excess skin. It will leave visible scars (Liposuction).Before you decide to go by liposuction try diets and weight loss programs. If you cant unclouded a certain buldge then liposuction is a good alternative (Thigh Liposculpture). Liposuction is started by making a small incision, (about half an inch or less), in the skin, frequently in or near the buttock crease or a previous scar. The small suction rod, called a cannula, is inserted and connected to a vacuum extraction with a suction tube. The vacuum sucks the fat out and leaves everything else intact (Thigh Liposculpture). Usually the surgery takes about an hour or two, but the time required may vary considerably from thirty minutes to several hours, depending on the amount of work your having done. If your procedure is not too extensive that is, if no more than one and a half pints of fat and fluid will be removed liposuction can be performed under local anesthesia, which numbs the area, combined with a sedative to arrange you drowsy (Liposuction).A benefit of having liposuction done is that fat is removed and gone forever. It can offer a new shape for people who thought it was impossible. Liposuction will not, however, preserve you from gaining weight in the future, and will not keep you fit and in shape. In order to assume good skin contour, you must be painstaking about wearing the support garments recommended be your doctor (Thigh Liposculpture).Does the fat come back? Fat cells are not though to regenerate, and ... ...ressed because she saw other women with breast and partition she used to have. So she decided to go through reconstruction. The danger of silicon gel was circulating widely so she went to a doctor that reconstructs breast from a womens own body fat (Nemeth, Mary). Reconstruction by using the womans own body fat is dangerous. First, the surgeon opens your abdomen and cuts through your muscles. They have to redirect your arteries and take the fat out. Then, the surgeon reconstructs their breast with the fat. As Carolyn Haltrecht said, It took me the whole summer to admit to myself that Im not v ery knowing with the way I look and theres nothing wrong with plastic surgery (Nemeth, Mary). According to Marcia Angell, Polls indicated that the great majority of women with breast implants were pleased with the results (Angell, Marcia). In conclusion, There are many risks involved in plastic surgery. Although you look like you have always wanted to after plastic surgery, is it worth all the possible effects that could take place? Think hard before you make changes on your body.In short, you cannot meet the future if you look like the past (Neimark, Jill).

Reintroducing Bison Restores the Great Plains Ecosystem :: Environment Animals Nature Ecology Essays

Reintroducing Bison Restores the Great Plains EcosystemGreat Plains historyThe Great Plains offer a familiar story of overexploitation and the emergence of the need to fix the damage. Today rural areas are showing the decline of traditional agriculture and extractive land uses that confound left the area barren and unproductive. Restoration projects, in particular those involving the reintroduction of the bison, give an example of bringing the native ecosystem of an area back to life.Grasslands once covered 40% of our nation, the bison once ranged over 48 of our states. Pre-settlement bison population estimates range from 30 to 70 million, after the extensive overexploitation of these animals their numbers dwindled to less than two dozen (Walters, 1996). The grasslands were a highly productive ecosystem even when the bison numbered in the millions because the two coevolved with each other adapting to conditions as well as each other. Todays cattle from the old world render replaced the bisons place in the plains degrading them while collecting the majority of the grains produced by American agriculture. Given the natural intact environment, bison thrive on their own without outback(a) help. They are adapted to the harsh plains, burned into the genes of bison is the speed and agility needed to outrun a prairie fire or track the greenup path of a summer thunderstorm. This is an animal shaped by millennia of natural selective pressures in the Great Plains environment, Fox and biologist Craig Knowles wrote (Defenders).The Great Plains have suffered cycles of booms and busts since its early white settlement. The first began in 1862 with the Homestead Act. The Act gave pioneer families 160 acres of free people federal land to be farmed for five years. This was the start of federally subsidized settlement that caused country erosion and the lowering of the water table eventually leading to heavy depopulation. The next cycle began in the early 1900s with new homes tead laws and larger free land incentives. This second cycle ended with the Great Depression, drought, the Dust Bowl, the abolition of homesteading, and was illustrated to us in John Steinbecks Grapes of Wrath. The third cycle beginning in the forties reached its peak in the 1970s when the Department of Agriculture encouraged fence-post to fence-post cultivation. By the mid 1980s the bust phase set in and is still keep (Popper, 1994). The Buffalo CommonsThe Buffalo Commons is a phrase that was coined by Deborah E.

Essay example --

MSA UniversityFaculty of pharmacyPharmaceutical MicrobiologyPM 203Name Dina Ahmed Abd El Fattah HegabID 111797Group C at a lower place Supervision of Dr. Reham WasfyDisinfectantsDisinfectants Can be applied to any non- living objects as this substance can destroy the microorganisms living on its surface. The Bacterial spores is kind of resistant to the Disinfection , it doesnt necessarily kills it, thus not necessary kills all the microorganisms. Unlike the sterilization that is extreme physical (and/or) chemical process that kills all types of life- it is less effective in results. Disinfectants are not like any other antimicrobial agent as antibiotics that kills the microorganisms living inside the bodies or the antiseptics that kills the microorganisms on a living waver it is even not like biocides that dont just kills the micro organisms, but also kills all types of life. Disinfectants simply cause damage to the microbe cell wall or it interferes with its metabolism .More about Disinfection..Disinfection are by nature toxic to human beings and animals, as most of the modern Disinfection contains the substance bitrex which is considered to be the bitterest substance ever, this substance is utilise as a safety measure and is added to discourage the ingestion. Disinfectant Types can be divided into two main groups which are oxidizing and non- oxidizing.1-Oxidising antimicrobics It works by the oxidisation of the microorganisms cell membrane this leads the cell to death. In the oxidizing disinfectants both the components oxygen and chlorine exists heavily, as they are both strong oxidizers.2-Non-oxidising disinfectantsIt operates by disturbing the phospho-lipid molecules that make- up the ... ... to be kept in a temperature of 16 C to 18C for 24 hours then leave it to be chilled for 1 hour before first the test.References1-Holchem- leader in the speciality chemical manufacturing industry Available at http//www.holchem.co.uk/disinfectant-typ es.aspx2-Holchem- leader in the speciality chemical manufacturing industry Available at http//www.holchem.co.uk/disinfectant-tests.aspx3-The Egypt Germany disinfectant company Available at http//egypt-germany-disinfection.com/index.php/products/ahd-2000-menu-item4-The Egypt Germany disinfectant company Available at http//egypt-germany-disinfection.com/index.php/products/2013-02-02-09-45-285-Wikipedia, Available at http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant6-The Egypt Germany disinfectant company Available at http//egypt-germany-disinfection.com/index.php/products/lysoforminspezial

Family Heritage In Everyday Use Essay -- Everyday Use Alice Walker Ess

Family Heritage In day-after-day UseIn Alice strollers Everyday Use, the message active the preservation of inheritance, specifically African-American heritage, is very clear. It is obvious that Walker believes that a persons heritage should be a living, dynamic character of the culture from which it arose and not a frozen timepiece only to be observed from a distance. There are two main approaches to heritage preservation depicted by the characters in this story. The narrator, a middle-aged African-American woman, and her youngest daughter Maggie, are in agreement with Walker. To them, their family heritage is everything almost them that is involved in their everyday lives and everything that was involved in the lives of their ancestors. To Dee, the narrators oldest daughter, heritage is the past - something to frame or hang on the besiege, a mere artistic, aesthetic reminder of her family history. Walker depicts Dees view of family heritage as being genius of confusion and l ack of understanding. The differences in attitude that Dee and Maggie portray about their heritage are seen early in the story. When the familys house burned down ten or twelve years ago, Maggie was deeply affected by the tragedy of losing her home where she grew up. As her mother describes, She has been similar this, chin on chest, eyes on ground, feet in shuffle, ever since the fire that burned the other house to the ground (409). Dee, on the other hand, had hated the house. Her mother had wanted to ask her, Why dont you dance around the ashes? (409). Dee did not hold any significance in the home where she had grown up. In her confusion about her heritage, it was just a house to her. Another suit of Dees confusion about her own African-American heritage is expressed when she announces to her mother and sister that she has changed her name to Wangero Leewanika Kemanjo. When her mother questions her about the change, Dee says, I couldnt bear it any long-lasting being named after the people who oppress me (411). According to her mother, the name has been in the family since before the Civil War and most likely represents family unity to her. However, Dee does not visualize that. Apparently, she believes that by changing her name she is expressing solidarity with her African ancestors and rejecting the oppression implied by the taking on of American names by black slaves.Commenting ... ...tage (413). That comment is somewhat ironic since it appears to be Dee who does not understand what family heritage is all about. Walkers view is very clear at the end of the story. By Dee wanting to hang the family heirloom on the wall to look at from a distance, she is alienating herself from her family heritage. That is exactly what Walker thinks is the wrong thing to do. Walker would prefer the quilts to be used and integrated into daily life, like Maggie and her mother prefer. The same idea applies to all of the other household items that Dee has her eye on the churn top, the dasher, and the benches for the table that her daddy made. They all are a part of life for Maggie and her mother. Walker believes that the only value that they hold for Dee is that they would be good trinkets to show off in her house. By using the quilts in this symbolic way, Walker is making the point that family heirlooms can only have meaning if they remain connected to the culture they sprang from - in essence, to be put to Everyday Use. Works CitedWalker, Alice. Everyday Use. Robert DiYanni, ed. Literature Reading Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. 6th ed. Boston McGraw-Hill, 2007.

A day in the Life of Arab

In the summer months of 1985 I was in Beirut, Lebanon on a two months vacation where I met several(prenominal) good people. Ahmed is a grade school teacher in Beirut and I meet him barely one week after I arrived in Beirut, when I was wall hanging around, pondering about the historical significance of Mount Hermon as it was mentioned in the Biblical history.He lives in the outskirt of Beirut a few blocks from where I am living and he has a deep knowledge of the Lebanese history and culture. One time, I ask Ahmed about what he thinks of Israel, as the Biblical textual matter seemed to point out to Israel as Gods favored nation. Ahmed would usually flare-up when the issue concerns Israel.As I read on some of their historical literary works I have learned that despite of the relative wealth of Lebanon, its leaders were divided into three main mathematical groups on some national issues.The first group wanted Lebanon to be part of France, while the second group called for the integr ation of Lebanon with in the framework of Arab unity, and the third wanted independence of Lebanon from France. As I was analyzing the political situation in Lebanon during this time, I realized that it was the spirit of Arab nationalism that had prevailed, as most of the Lebanese believed Lebanon is an inseparable part of the world. I noticed that most Lebanese are devout Arab nationalist and their cultures were distinctly in the context of the Arab world. One of its writers even wrote that Lebanon was culturally influenced by the Mediterranean and by the ancient people that dwell this basin.As I go around the cities, faces of western influences were evident in most cities through the many facades particularly in the main cities. The Arab traditional lifestyle which revolves firmly around the family, socializing, and hospitality were exactly the case in most families, although those living outside the city especially in the remote areas, retained their grizzly customs and tradit ion. As I had observed, Lebanese people are generally literate and Lebanon has one of the most technically prepared, and educated populations in the Middle East.In matters of intellectual nourishment and drinks, most of Lebanese cuisines were a combination of the European cuisine and the eastern spicy. The Lebanese traditional dishes still exist in many places, which are truthful preparations, using grains, pulses and vegetable and fruit. A Typical Lebanese meal on the other hand is the mezze.This is a thorough spread of forty or litre hors doeuvres or simply a salad bowl. However, unlike in other Arabian countries, Lebanese people were the most frequently disturbed people by war, by invasion and annexation of different countries surrounding her. Lebanon at one time was under French government and at some other utmost was invaded by Syria and Israel. Despite of those troubling wars, and internal chaos, the Lebanese people was thriving economically.In my observation however, despi te that this country is an Arab state many of its inhabitants are Christians and at some times was governed by a Maronite Christian but was assassinated in February 2005. As I analyzed the social and cultural life of the Lebanese connection I found out that the root of internal chaos in Lebanon was, there is an unresolved character of the Lebanese national culture.Was the character of the Lebanese indian lodge Arab and Muslim in orientation or Christian and Western? There are several strong communities competing to gain control of power in Lebanon such as the Maronites, Christians, the Nusayris, the Antioch Turks, and Bedouin, which reveals the multi-culturism of the Lebanese society that in my view, this multiculturalism should be clearly understood by its people in order for them to gain peace within, and in world-wide relations.ReferenceLebanonhttp//www.arab.net/lebanon/

Light Beer versus Dark Beer

Thesis StatementThere are several differences between at large(p) beer (which include the following American Standard Beers, American Light Beers, American Wheat Ales, Belgian Wheat Ales, He a couple of(prenominal)eizen, and Pilsners) and muddy beer (which include Brown Ales, German Bocks, Nut Brown Ales, Porters, and Stouts). Some of the differences include their origins, the processes involved in making or producing it, as well as, their popularity since low-cal beer is far more popular than dark beer.OriginBoth light and dark beer came to exist in 1772 (Chronology.. n.p.). The production of some(prenominal) began in 1587 when the immigrants of Virginia create from raw stuffed ale through the use of corn (Chronology.. n.p.). Then twenty years after that, England sent its first shipment of beer to the immigrants of Virginia (Chronology.. n.p.). Two years after that, capital of the United Kingdom were already looking for brewers to assist those immigrants of Virginia back then a dvertisements which states, American Help Wanted were posted (Chronology.. n.p.). after that, the first brewery has been instituted in Manhattan by Adrian Block and Hans Christiansen (Chronology.. n.p.).The mental home of that brewery aforementi adeptd caused the birth of Jean Vigne who was the first non-native American to become the first brewer horn in Manhattan (Chronology.. n.p.). In addition to that, after a few years, Governor Van Twiller along with the West India Company built some other brewery in New Amsterdam on Brewers Street (Chronology.. n.p.). This has been followed by another brewery which was built on Manhattan Island by Peter Ninuit (Chronology.. n.p.). After so many breweries have been instituted, a license to open a pub in Boston has been awarded to a man named Samuel Cole (Chronology.. n.p.).Three years later, the first authoritatively recorded brewery in the Massachusetts Bay Colony under the control of Captain Sedgwick has been instituted (Chronology.. n.p.) . Then another brewery has been built located in Providence, Rhode Island which has been assigned and to be led by Sergeant Bauleton (Chronology.. n.p.). Immediately following that, Samuel Wentworth has been given a license to operate and brew beer in New Hampshire in 1670 (Chronology.. n.p.). Two more breweries were set up one in 1683 which was set up near Bristol, Pennsylvania and another one in 1738 which has been established in Jekyll Island, Georgia (Chronology.. n.p.). Then finally after 34 years, dark and light beer have been concocted in England (Chronology.. n.p.).Process of Making ItIn making light beer, the first stage is to steep the grain in water until it sprouts or germinates (SF Brewers Guild.. n.p.). After that stage technically referred to as malting, the grain/malt is then het up(p) and dried in order to stop the malt from germinating and (SF Brewers Guild.. n.p.) After that process known as kilning, the malt may be roasted further according to preferred color and flavor (SF Brewers Guild.. n.p.). The next step is to process the dried malt in a mill in order for the outer(a) coating of the grain to crack (SF Brewers Guild.. n.p.).After cracking it will placed in a container then it will be poured with hot water (SF Brewers Guild.. n.p.). Here, the sugars contained in the grain will be broken down and released in the water and will consequently produce a sweet liquid called wort as well (SF Brewers Guild.. n.p.). After that the wort will be boiled for two hours and hops will be added (SF Brewers Guild.. n.p.).In making dark beer, the same processed is followed except that hops in dark beer are boiled 30 minutes or more longer (SF Brewers Guild.. n.p.).PopularityIt is said that college students are more likely to salute light beers. This is simply because it is easier to drink than dark ones. However, a medical breakthrough affected such popularity of light beer because dark beer has been proven to prevent blood clots (Peck n.p.). In addit ion to that, it has powerful antioxidant make (Fauber n.p.).ConclusionBoth light and dark beers were produced in 1772 sharing the same history. They differ, however in the process of making it since dark beers involve more time in change state hops than in light beers. Also, in terms of popularity, although dark beers are proven to be good for the health, more people still go for light beers especially college students.ReferencesChronology of the American Brewing Industry. n.d. n.a. 22 October 2007http//www.beerhistory.com/library/holdings/chronology.shtmlFauber, John. Dark Beer Better for Heart. 11 November 2003. The Temple News.22 October 2007http//temple-news.com/wp-signup.php?new=media.wwwPeck, Peggy. Dark Beer May be Better for the Heart. 11 November 2003. WebMD.22 October 2007http//www.webmd.com/diet/news/20031111/dark-beer-may-be-better-for-heartSF Brewers Guild. How Beer is Made. n.d. n.a. 22 October 2007http//sfbrewersguild.org/beer.html

Mathematical in India Past, Present, Future

mathematics in India Past, Present and Future What is maths? mathematics is a erudition of space, numbers and quantity Past Indian mathematics emerged in the Indian subcontinent from 1200 BC until the end of the 18th atomic number 6. In the classical period of Indian mathematics (400 AD to 1200 AD), important contributions were made by scholars like Aryabhata, Brahmagupta, and Bhaskara II. The decimal number system in use today was first recorded in Indian mathematics.Indian mathematicians made early contributions to the study of the concept of zero as a number, negative numbers, arithmaticm and algebra. In addition, trigonometry was further advanced in India, and, in particular, the upstart definitions of sine and cosine were developed there. These mathematical concepts were transmitted to the Middle East, China, and Europe and led to further developments that now form the nominateations of many areas of mathematics. Present 20th century The 20th century saw mathematics suit a mojor profession.Every year, thousands of new Ph. D. s in mathematics are awarded, and jobs are availablein teaching, research and industry. Mathematical collaborations of unexampled size and scope took place in India. One of the more colorful figures in 20th century mathematics was Srinivasa Aiyangar Ramanujan (1887-1920), an Indian autodidact who conjectured or proved over 3000 theorems, including properties of highly composite nimbers, the partition function and its asymptotic, and mock theta functions.He also made major investigations in the areas of gamma functions, modular forms, divergent series, hyper geometric series and flush number theory. 21st century In 1980, Shakuntala Devi gave the product of two, thirteen digit nimbers within 28 seconds many countries have invited her to demonstrate her extraordinary talent. In Dallas she competed with a computer with a computer to see who give the cube root of 188138517 faster, she won. At university of USA she was asked to giv e the 23rd root, she answered in 50 seconds. The answer is 546372891.It took a UNIVAC 1108 computer, full one minute (10 seconds more) to confirm that she was right after it was fed with 13000 instructions. Now she is known to be Human computer. FUTURE There are many observable trends in mathematics, the most notable being that the subject is growing ever larger, computers are ever more important and powerful, the application of mathematics to bioinformatics is chop-chop expanding, the volume of data to be analyzed being produced by science and industry, facilitated by computers, is explosively expanding.The field of mathematics has become so large that it has become impossible to have an overview of all relevant mathematics. A formalized library should enable the search for relevant results. When designing new high-tech systems, like software package for an automatic pilot super computer etc. , one uses complicated mathematical models. Indian mathematician, engineers and scientis t ar eone of the top leading in this trend. CONCLUSION mathematics is a science of all sciences and art of all arts. Without the proper foundation of mathematics, any science or subject will be a failure, Mathematics is a creation of human mind, concerned cheifly with the ideas, processes and reasoning the modern world of technology, tools such as computer requires the basic mathematics and calculations. Matehmatics is the instrument of education found to be in conformity with the human mind. If we sincerely give our time in the subject of mathematics, we end also come up with innovative ideas and thoughts that can shape the entire universe as our ancestors do in past. We look forward to what the future will bring.

Film Critique The Queen Essay

Movie roles performed by high caliber actors and actresses of living icons be always the hardest to portray. Helen Mirrens portrayal of HRH cigarette Elizabeth II, has given us an amazing resemblance (although without as much effects and make-up the resemblance ended) and an in-depth visual and emotional recognition of the British royal who was considered to be so nonadjacent and ethereal. I am more than glad that the Reston Multiplex Movie Theatre was comparably filled with older adults than the usual teenage mental picture goers so I was afforded the chance to concentrate on the film. Generally, the film may not appeal to the four-year-older audience for its lack of pound for pound military action and intrigue. However it does gives us an idea of how the British monarchy behaves, as the apex of the British class system.We seldom see portrayals that are free from bias especially when the subjects are as famous and influential as the big businessman and her family. But the eve nts that catapulted them into the unrestricted centerfield may have relieved them of their tight bond to maintain their feelings to themselves. Dianas death has given us glimpses into their private lives which the Queen vehemently tried and true to seclude her family from the curious and even blatant questions of the public and the press.We see how the Queen reacted and tried in earnest to maintain her stance and tradition to shy away from the camera and the public even as the image-conscious PM Tony Blair continued to cajole the Queen and her family out of their shells. It has also given us an insight to the life the British Royal couple has led all these years which shows support for each separate and a husband who is willing to stay behind the shadow of his wife and yet live admirably together in harmony.The familys traditional and puritan values saw the British monarch trying to distance herself away from the prying eye of the media upon news of Dianas death. The queens imm ediate concerns were for the boys but after learning of the tradgedy while vacationing at Balmoral Castle, Scotland. Apparently Diana had fallen off from the royal family to warrant the kind of behavior and almost distant hatred even after learning the news of her accidental death.Public sentiment against the monarchy grew as the Queen and family continued to be absent from the public eye even as Britain grieved for the death of their princess. Seemingly, Diana had been closer to the Britons because she showed what it was like to live a fairy tale life in the beginning and showed to the world that the monarchy was not as invincible as it seems. Profoundly Diana has created a breathing, real life princess capable of feelings thereby creating a certain link of reality to the masses and thereby viewing that the monarchy was no different from anyone.Eventually as grief poured, sentiments against the monarchy grew, which PM Tony Blair handled superbly thereby surging his popularity in tune with the national mood. He became closer to the British public and the world. His continued calls for the queen and the family to at least make statements were left ignored at first with Lord Mountbatten (James Cromwell) seemingly disgruntled over PM Blairs (Michael Sheen) insistence. The Queen explained her position to Blair that Diana lost her relation to the royal family when she divorced her son, the Prince of Wales and insisted that mourning should be a private matter handled by her own family and not by the British Crown.Later on, the Queen who was known to stick to her principle gave in after mistakenly assuming that the public sentiment will behind ebb over time. After so much criticism from the British tabloids for failing to offer any sign of condolence, and advice from Blair on how the royals should conduct out of public respect, the Queen finally gave in despite disagreement from her mother and gave a speech praising Dianas life and work. The British flag was also allowed to drop at half mast and a public funeral was hosted in memory of Diana.The queen was then pushed into public view as Mirrens brilliant performance showed her carry reaction while coming out to look at the flowers in front of the curious British public who was equally assailed with mixed emotions. It was a act that I held my breath because I had seen the actual a dozen times on television and hardly noticed any difference. The scene showed Elizabeths lissom human side and strength both at the same time. Her candid response to the flowers given to her showed her awe that revealed her human character that no amount of feigning a queen could mask.In effect, the movie was critical of the monarchy but candid and transparent in its portrayal that was sometimes funny and empathic. It evoked the true nature of the royal familys behavior and sometimes leaves us questions of their simplicity or sarcasm in public statements.Martin Sheens portrayal of a young and enthusiastic Tony Blair also showed a generous amount of political set-up reminiscent of the time when PM Blair suddenly gained massive popularity following Dianas death. His behavior was thusly fitted with the coetaneous mixture of grief that called for human decency and respect during Dianas death which the royal family had mixed initial feelings of.In summary, the movie showed to the world the importance of adapting to spay as opposed to the views of rigid tradition which could have led to stagnation. It also showed us that family traditions and values are being questioned in the face of common contemporary behavior and modes. Public figures are always subjected to observation and ridicule because the public always love to know how public icons behave in the face of adversities and criticise any actions for consumption.The Queen (2006) Movie. Starring Helen Mirren as the Queen Elizabeth II James Cromwell as Lord Mountbatten and Martin Sheen as PM Tony Blair.

Debates on Advertising Essay

In the text , introduction to mass communication media literacy and culture, Stanley Baran states specific electric charges about advertise. He states that advertising is intrusive , deceptive, knocks children, and demean and corrupts culture. Ads can be intrusive because they are everywhere and interfere with and alters our experience. It can be deceptive because the ads implicitly and sometimes explicitly says that it came mend someones lives through a purchase of a product. Ads also exploit children because they are tar pick uped. There are ads that are specifically mind blowing go them. Finally, ads demanding and corrupts culture by appealing to human values and needs. Advertisers accomplish this goal by using the AIDA approach and consumer culture. The AIDA approach is utilize to persuade consumers and the consumer culture is used to impose new definitions that serve the advertiser and not the cultures important aspects of our lives.The disagreements that are proven by B aran in Chapter 12 are legitimate. The arguments that are provided nutriments the complaints given. I desire the accusations that support advertising are tolerable. Advertising is everywhere and interferes with and alters our experience. Advertising is all over the world. Ads does not have to be actual billboards or commercials on television. The clothes that we intermit and the products that we use are also advertisements. This is also called 360-marketing. Advertising can also be deceptive. There are many products in our cabaret where it is supposed to channel out lives. For example, AXE , a male shampoo, is supposed to attract more women if you wear it. These products can be deceiving to our culture because of this. The advertisers know that people in society want an excitement in their lives , so to improve that they create products that excite the consumers. I also think that advertisements do exploit children.Ads specially create ads for children because they are the infl uence on their parents. This means that the advertisers depart use the children to their advant duration to get their products brought. For example , when children see a product thats eye catching to them , they will beg their parents to buy that product which will eventually happen because the parents would not want to keep hearing their children beg. Lastly , advertisements does demean and corrupt our culture. I believe this is true because advertisements come about to seek products that we need. They attract us by producing products that we use everyday. For an example , we use soap everyday to wash our bodies. The advertisers will recruit many soap ads to intrigue us to buy a particular soap. Also, producers create many soaps , with different scents to give us the idea that it will coiffure you smell better which leads back to the idea of advertisements being deceptive.This shows that advertisers do demean and corrupt our culture.The article Boosting Smoking Among Children su pports the complaint of advertising exploiting children. In the article RJR Nabisco created a new campaign for its camel brand cigarettes. Anti smoking groups accused the company of attacking young smokers as they saw Joe Camel repeating the same path as to smoke go an untapped market. It was stated by Dr. Joseph DiFranza that, children as young as 3 years old could recognize Joe, and more kids could chance on him than could identify Mickey Mouse(page 335). DiFranza researched that Joe camel was the single most recognizable logo in the country. This shows that advertisements connect to children because they can realize a character at the age of 3. The children do not understand what is going on , but the advertisers know that the parents will buy their cigarettes because of the children. Also , when the children get older , the camel on the cigarette calamity will be more common and if decided to smoke they would buy only that product because they are used to seeing it. The Ad Cou ncil and Media Foundation does repugn common practices of the advertising industry by creating uncommercials.Uncommercials are commercials ,at no cost if used, challenge known actual commercials. In the article ,Challenging Advertising Ad Busters and Uncommercials it is stated that ,those who wish to use them to , as the Media Foundation likes to call it, culture jam, or challenge the prevailing commercial culture(page 336). This shows that the uncommercials are used to show that the advertisements demean and corrupt out culture. This is done by showing and telling us that we need to buy a certain product to live. It also connects to the complaint that advertisements are deceptive. This is because seeing that we supposedly need a certain product in our life makes us want to buy the product not lettered that it is just for money.In the documentaries Consuming Kids and Killing Us Softly 4 shows us the specific complaints against advertising. In consuming kids it was showed that chil dren are targeted in many ways.This connects to the idea that advertisements exploit children because in the documentary it is shown that the children do influence parents. For example, a new car was brought because the children were attracted and begged their parents to buy it because of what was inside. The parents do not realize that the children are why their money is pass on unnecessary things. In Killing Us Softly 4 it was shown that advertisements demean and corrupts our culture because women are portrayed and used as an object to grass products. Also in the documentaries they tell the society how to prevent the unbalanced advertising.In Consuming kids . In Killing Us Softly 4 lady key out stated that the society should , become aware and pay attention , teach media literacy in school, protest and speak out about the problem , deface ads, and get involved and change the attitudes that are presented for us. This shows that there are ways that we can maneuver around the pi le up of advertisements. In conclusion , the advertising industries received many complaints on the ways they attack consumers. The reasons stated were because of advertisements being intrusive , deceptive, exploiting children and demeaning and corrupting our culture. AIDA approach and consumer culture helped these complaints conquer their goal. This created a dispute between industries and social groups. The social groups were the ones who complain about these problems.

British Airways Management of Company Finance

Ahoussou kouadio Jean Christian Student number 2522706 Management of smart set finance Analysis of the financial body structure of British Airways Name of professor Tony Kilmister British airways is one of the most valuable company in the world that is why I choose her. With the aim to survey the proportion of debt in British airways, we will study his financial cogwheel income gearing and working capital gearing. In order to calculate the companys capital gearing according to the bear respect, we need especially the value of the long- call and short-term borrowings and the value of shargonholders funds.But, there is several different formulas which arises some issues the fact that the book value is cut back than the market value (the first formula) and readinesss jackpot be considered either as liabilities or assets (the second formula), depending on firm. Then I will calculate the Weighted Average Cost of pileus. In 2004, the way of doing the end sheets changed thats why there are some differences between cardinal reports. Part 1 beat of the gearing and income ratioPart -2 Measure of the debt and equity ground upon the market value Part 3 Estimation of the WACC. I) Measure of gearing and income ratios We will take those expressions 1. Debt to equity ratio=Long term Liabilities/ takeholdersfunds 2. Debt to debt plus equity ratio=LTL/(LTL+ Shareholdersfunds) 3. Long Term Borrowings/Shareholders funds a) appurtenance Ratio enceinte geared wheel = LTL / Shareholders Funds 2006 2005 2004 Capital Gearing 259. 75% 437. 6% 590. 7% To set an upper ratio we cease incorporate the LTL at the shareholder value. Capital Gearing = LTL / (LTL + Shareholders Funds) 2006 2005 2004 Capital Gearing 72. 2% 81. 4% 85. 5% The provision are incorporates in those 2 formulas.We can consider that the provision can be take as liabilities ( passing certain) or as equity (ultra-prudence). Capital Gearing = Long Term Borrowing (LTL provisions) / Shareholders Funds 2006 2005 2004 Capital Gearing 193. 5% 341. 4 % 475,40% Net Debt Net debt = (Finance debt cash and liquid resources)/ Equity For British Airways, Net debt = (loans, finance leases and hire purchase arrangements + Convertible Capital Bonds, nett of other real interest bearing deposits and cash and cash equivalents overdrafts) British Airways definition from the annual report 2006) ? million 2006 2005 2004 Capital Gearing 1641 2922 4158 The figures of long term liabilities are higher than the net debt that explain the fact that the ratios are different The company health seem less vital, because of the cash and those equivalent, and deposits. Overdrafts are not representing a big amount, we include them. Since 2004 a policy of high liquidity is developed in order to reduce the debt, they tried to repay the debt earlier.The debt are reduced by the conversion of the 112 millions of convertible bonds. The ? 320 million 9 3/4 per cent Convertible Capital Bonds 2005 issued in 198 9 matured on June 15, 2005. On that date 47,979,486 middling shares were issued in exchange for 112,317,274 Convertible Capital Bonds on the basis of one ordinary share for every 2. 34 Bonds held (British Airways Report 2006). The capital gearing of the company is around 65% in almost all gearing indicators and more in som of them, as a conclusion we can say that the financial didactics of the company is run a risky and more the company is weak due to the payment on the debt.We can also highlight the fact that British Airways is finance by debt. Its has a important amount of lease and purchase arrangement, which exceeds the bank loans. b) Income Gearing This ratios show us the security of creditors fund and the debt exposure. While using Income circumscribe we highlight the relation of the companys income and its interest commitments. Income Ratio = Interest payable / Profit Before Interest and Tax % 2006 2005 2004 Income Gearing 0,17 0,26 0,87 Interest are taking a lower place in the profit (strategy reduction of debt). In fact, we use the Interest cover to see if the company can equalize its interest. Interest cover = Profit before interest and tax / Interest charges Times 2006 2005 2004 Interest Cover 5,79 3,80 1,15 The company can afford her interest. 1) Because of the decrease of the amount of debt, 2) The profit before tax and interest increased by 269%, the risk is less important.We can also use another formula, which gives a better video of the finance. It based on the fact that cash has not been received. As a conclusion we can says that British Airways reduced its long term debt by 28. 5%, and keep their interest payment low and increase the PBIT strongly. From the shareholder point of view, the company takes high risks so they have a good return on investment although reduction of the debt of the company makes the rate of return lower and lower. II) Measure of the debt and equity based on the market value a) look on of Equity Share Price*N umber of Shares* 2004 ? 2,181 083 845 000 2005 ? ,941 082 903 000 2006 ? 2,791 130 882 000 *I took those which were in the report. *The difference in the number of shares between 2005 and 2006 is the conversion of the 112 millions of Convertible Bonds into 47,979,486 shares. The value of equity is now ? 2006 2005 2004 abide by of Equity 3 155 160 780 2 deoxycytidine monophosphate 831 820 2 362 782 100 b)Rating grade of Debt pic The rating shows that the company take risks for financing because she invest in high return share in the junk bond or high yield market those are really unstable.This means that the company is highly financing by debt, investor need an important rate of return regards to the risk of non payment. In spite of that, British Airwayss main source of external supporting is less sensitive to credit rating than the unsecured bond. The impact of the credit ration is not important for some parts of the debt. We will use the faire value of the debt to calculate t he market value of debt. Because of the fair determine of the Euro-Sterling notes and Euro-Sterling Bond 2016 are based on the quoted market values at March 31, 2006.The fair values of floating rate borrowings are deemed to be equal to their carrying values. British Airways Report Example in March, 31st 2006 pic Market value of the debt is ? million 2006 2005 2004 Market Value of Debt 4 130 4 682 5 954 Book Value of Debt 4 081 4 492 5 716 The problem is Those market values are blending the current liabilities.In the purpose to respect the ratios made before, I will deduct with percentage the current liabilities. The new market value of debt is ? million 2006 2005 2004 Market Value of Debt 3645 4216 5244 Book Value of Debt 3 602 4 045 5 034 There is the a market where Debt are trade daily, that explain the difference between years. ) Measure of gearing based on market values We use here the gearing ratio to compare the book value and the market value of the company Capital Ge aring = LTL / Shareholders Funds % 2006 2005 2004 Capital Gearing 115,5 200,7 221,9 We can make a second ratio in order to set an upper limit Capital Gearing = LTL / (LTL + Shareholders Funds) % 2006 2005 2004 Capital Gearing 53,6 66,7 68,9 Figures are lower than the one we made with the book value. The equity are valued in the book value at 25p whereas in the market value at an average price of the three years at 230p This divergence makes the ratios lower, thus with the book values the company seems to be less indebted and also less risky to investors.III) Estimation of the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) a) Cost of Equity To estimate the live of equity, we can use two ways 1) the dividend valuation simulate 2) the Capital Asset Price Model (CAPM). In this case, we can not use the dividend valuation model because the company did not distribute dividends since 2001, so the comprise of equity will be 0 that would lead to irrelevant results. British Airways has not dis tributed dividends because -They wants to strengthen the balance sheet by making new investment, then it invests into the company Quantas and also into the 5th Terminal in Heathrow.British Airways is the 13th highest performing company out(a) of the 93 FTSE 100 companies remaining for the performance period April,1st 2003 to March, 31st 2006. The board of director indicated that the payment of dividends will be resumed at an appropriate time. To calculate the represent of equity, the CAPM is the only model available Ke = Rf + ? (Rm Rf) Rf ( the risk-free return Rm ( the market risk ? ( quantitative measure of the volatility of a given stock, rough-cut fund, or portfolio, relative to the overall market.A beta above 1 is more volatile than the overall market, while a beta below 1 is less volatile. For British Airways, the Beta is, for the three years, 0,91. The risk-free return can be found in the website of the Bank of England for each years and the market risk is the caps of the FTSE 100 of year N less years N-1 divided by the caps year N-1 (Caps N caps N-1) / caps N-1 The risk-free return rate is 2004 4,75% 2005 5,1% 2006 4,2% The market risk is 31. 03. 2006 31. 03. 2005 31. 03. 004 Caps FTSE 100 5964,6 4894,4 4385,7 year N year N-1 1070,2 508,7 772,4 Market Risk (%) 21,87 11,60 21,38 The Cost of Equity using the CAPM is % 2006 2005 2004 Cost of Equity 20,1 10,9 19,7 ) Cost of debt In order to obtain the cost of debt, the best ratio is to divide the interest payable by the debt % 2006 2005 2004 Cost Of Debt 2,62 3,01 3,50 They leads to the same conclusion decrease in Debt and interest. We can add that no debt has been interpreted in 2006. All the purchase have been made by internal cash flow. c) The WACC The Weighted Average Cost of Capital is used to measure the cost of capital.The formula is Ko = Ke (Ve/Vo) + Kd (Vd/Vo) Where Ke (the cost of equity Ve (the value of equity Kd (the cost of debt Vd (the value of debt Vo (the total value of the f irm ? million 2006 2005 2004 Vo 7 236 6 593 8 079 The WACC is % 2006 2005 2004 WACC 10,08 5,41 8,04 The amount of Debt decreased but the WACC stay in the average, that because of the high level of the cost of equity. 2005 is discernible by a share price lower than the two other years. This leads to a lower shareholders funds and also an higher influence of the debts drop, therefore the lower WACC. However, the CAPM have some limitations. He is based on several assumptions The investors are rational and risk-adverse who set a level of risk. The investors have the same single-period planning horizon. The investors have homogeneous expectations on the future yield. The investors can borrow and lend unlimited amounts at a risk-free rate. There is neither taxes nor cost of transactions The investors have all an efficient portfolio which maximize the yield, for a level of risk given. Whole of efficient portfolio form a curve called the efficiency frontier To conclude, from the po int of view of market value, we can say that British airways succeeded to face its commitments in term of debt and equity. Indeed, they took advantage of an increase in share price. The repayment of share allowing to reduce the gearing in debt capital.

Psycho, the greatest film of all time?

This essay will attempt to show you the genius that is psychotic and how Alfred Hitchcock distinguishd to create a flick which even today grabs and take fors the interest of any interview. The harmony in the characterization Psycho was a brand new idea at its time in the mid-sixties and acted like magic on references, making them sit in horror at the edge of their pose. The music in Psycho is non-diagetic and is performed by an alone-strings orchestra. At the time when Psycho was released, using music that was compete by an alone-strings orchestra in horror plastic films was a brand new idea and startled film critics and the interview alike.This manner of using high-pitched, sharp music was such an forcefulnessive idea that many other horror films and television set series adopted the thought and this style of music is still used to this day (for example, in nightmare on Elm Street. Using an all-strings orchestra in Psycho was a fantastic way of building focus and it worked very effectively. The reason it worked so well was because the sound was so recognisable. This is because, as the music was played on and on-and-off basis, the audience gradually noticed that when the music played, something bad was probably just ab extinct to happen.No other music could have been used in Psycho which would have created the same amount of tension in the movie and sounded so shrill and discordant. To a pre-1970s audience, the all-strings music was remarkably effective and the music by itself built tension. Nowadays, when a modern audience watches Psycho, they react in the same way as audiences all over thirty eld ago, even though they are used to music like this. The eerie sound of string instruments acting sharp scratchy notes, e. g. in the shower panorama, still makes modern audiences sit on the edge of their seats and watch in suspense as the plot unf rares.The music in Alfred Hitchcocks horror films was so big and effective that without it the films would not have succeeded. It is possible to see that when his films are watched on mute, the suspense disappears and the film becomes boring and not at all exciting. Even the brilliant use of lighting and shadows is not enough to persevere the interest of any audience watching Psycho without the music. The plot of Psycho is ingenious and has to be genius of the greatest stories of all time. Alfred Hitchcock used a brilliant technique in all his films for retaining the audiences interest which he called the McGuffini.Alfred Hitchcock used this technique in all his films to peer the viewers attention and drive the plot. In Psycho, the McGuffin was the $40,000 in coin stolen by Marion. In the first half of the film, the audience is led to believe that the movie is essentially about the stolen money, and this alone envelops the viewers attention because the plot is so tightly and perfectly constructed. By the end of the film though, hardly a(prenominal) race remember that the mon ey even existed, as the McGuffin is only really needed to move the audience into the Bates Hotel. The plot was designed very cleverly by Alfred Hitchcock.To grab his audiences attention, he made the audience imply questions. He does this right from the very beginning of Psycho until the end of it. For example, in the first scene alone, when surface-to-air missile and Marion are meeting secretly during their lunch break, the audience is made to think can Sam grant off his fathers debts and his wifes alimony? Will they get married? Will they get caught together? and so forth , etc. Forcing the audience to ask questions mentally, traps their attention, as they want to know the answers. Another way that the plot does well to catch and retain an audiences focus is the suspense which is built up so frequently.When suspense is built up, the audience invariably wants to know what will happen next. As the storyline twists and turns and the viewers get surprises, the audience becomes drawn into the film and becomes more involved. For instance, when the main tone is suddenly killed halfway through the film in an unforgettable scene, the audience is left wondering what will happen next? Who will be the new main character? All of these sudden changes in plot shock the viewer more and more and make the film more exciting and interesting. Another change in plot is when Sam, Lila, the sheriff and his wife meet after church in broad daylight.This break in the tension allows the viewer to relax and watch a contrasting scene one in daylight, which is not eerie and in shadow. This may appear to be an strange change in plot, but it helps keep all audiences focused. A very clever ingredient in Psycho, was Alfred Hitchcocks excellent positioning of objects on the film set. Using his complicated knowledge of filming and positioning, he created scenes which win over the eye of an alteration to the truth. He set objects up, for instance, in the eerie house, which looked so norm al and blended in with the film perfectly.He pose typical old-woman-objects in Normans mothers bedroom to make the audience convinced that thither really was an old woman living in the house and that she was still there. He also placed objects such as a toy fire engine and a male dole in Norman Bates old room to make it suit its part. These little things are actually precisely positioned so that they suit the atmosphere and the audience sub-consciously notices them. All audiences, modern and old alike, notice these little differences and it is things like this which manage to retain the interest of an audience watching Psycho.Set pieces were not all small though. The large old Victorian style house atop a hill was specifically chosen for its image and its dark and dark appearance. The photographic camera, throughout the livelong film, always record this house from below, making it appear to tower over all else and cast a dark shadow over everything. The actors chosen for Psycho , despite in the case of close, universe famous ahead its creation, were all picked after long deliberation by Alfred Hitchcock for their particular skillsi.Janet Leigh, for example, who played the part of Marion in Psycho, was chosen out of a list of seven possibilities. Most of the actors in Psycho were all very professional, popular and they all fitted perfectly without them and their talent, the film could have easily turned out to be a failure (as Psychos remake was). As all of the actors were so capable and Alfred Hitchcock directed them all so well, their talents shone through in this movie and they all appeared so realistic and their body language in Psycho was flawless. This goes for their dialogue too.They may have all been able to say their scripts, but the timing and their expressions and tones were all planned out by Hitchcock perfectly. The camera cants and lighting in Psycho are arguably the cleverest and most effective ever used in a film. Alfred Hitchcock perso nally worked out every camera angle and every scene in Psycho. He used the camera to guide the story, build the tension and transmit twists into the ending. The camera angles used are legendary. Using Alfred Hitchcocks directing genius, one of the most famous scenes in cinematic history was created.In this one scene (the Shower Scene as it is now commonly known), seventy camera angles were used, intermixed with quick cuts to emphasise the brutality of the act yet the knife is never actually seen penetrating Marions body. Marion is filmed in the shower from so many different angles so that suspense is built up as the audience knows something bad must be about to happen. She looks vulnerable in the shower without any tog and she is unsuspecting her expression is one of concentration, on showering.All this put together, combined with Alfred Hitchcocks directing, creates an extremely scary, exciting and unforgettable scene. Alfred Hitchcock was obviously very talented, and when it c ame to the cameras positioning and lighting, he always managed to create brilliant pictures. Without using sound, Hitchcock could make people look nervous, vulnerable, strange, powerful, dangerous etc. by just using camera angles. For instance, to make the private investigator look vulnerable as he walked upstairs and reached the landing, the camera filmed him from above, looking down on him so that he looked alone and vulnerable.There was only one poorly created scene in the whole film. This was the stair scene, when Arbogast, the private investigator, falls down the stairs with a knife wound. To a 1960s audience, this scene seemed to be extremely realistic and well filmed. Unfortunately it is spoilt on a modern audience as nowadays everyone is so used to graphics and special effects that the stair scene appeared uncommon to us, as it wasnt realistic. It was quite obvious that there was a film of stairs coming towards the audience being played behind the falling private investiga tor.The lighting in Psycho was used to great effect and was directed fantastically. Alfred Hitchcock managed to create different atmospheres in different scenes by his use of lighting and shadows. For instance, in the cease scene, when Norman Bates runs into the fruit cellar with a knife, the lighting is fantastic. When the camera turns to look at Normans mothers wrinkled, mummified face, as the lightbulb swings creating strobe flashing, in the hollows of her eyes, shadows dance against the inside of her skull which creates an illusion of a mad, mirthful response to the scene before her.Today, Psycho is still looked upon as a brilliant and unique film, which even now manages to grab and retain the interest of any audience. No other film has ever managed to outclass Alfred Hitchcocks masterpiece in complexity or in cleverness. The black and white photography used is perfect for the films tone and mood likeness would merely have blurred the nightmarish quality. Psycho is an excep tional film, which altered the course of cinematic history, and its vastness will always be recognised.

Brief History of the English Language

Brief History of the side Language sure-enough(a) ENGLISH 5th Century three Germanic tribes -the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes arrived in the British Isles. The Angles were named from ENGLE, their land of origin. Their language was called ENGLISC from which the word, English is derived. The Angles, Saxons, and Jutes became known as the Anglo-Saxons. The Angles, Saxons, and Jutes became known as the Anglo-Saxons. Some words such as church, bishop, baptism, monk, eucharis, and presbyter came indirectly by Latin and Greek.The VIKINGS, also known as Norsemen, invaded England by the 8th century , which in turn, gave English a Norwegian and Danish influence. MIDDLE ENGLISH When William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy, invaded England, he became its king. French became the language of the court, administration, and culture. It was the language used in schools. The English language became mostly the language of the uneducated classes and was considered a vulgar tongue.Similar article adve rsity in English LanguageMost of the English words rooted in French are words that eat up something to do with power, such as crown, castle, parliament, army, mansion, gown, banquet, art, poet, romance, duke, servant, peasant, traitor, and governor. MODERN ENGLISH Modern English developed after Johann Gutenberg invented the make press in Germany around 1450 and William Caxton established Englands first printing press at Westminster abbey in 1476.Printing also brought standardization of English. Between the 18th to 20th centuries, the English language continued to change as the British Empire moved across the world- to the USA, Australia, New Zealand, India, Asia, and Africa. American and British variants are the internationally accepted variants of the English language. Differences of AE and BE Spelling center centre program programme color people of colour

Gender Discrimination Essay

sex activity inconsistency is an important turn off in the workplace in todays world. Female employees atomic number 18 facing sexual urge dissimilitude in the form of opposite propertys. This contrariety is disturbing their exploit. The main aim of this wait on is to see the gear up of these g residualer unlikeness di manpowersions which implicate glass ceiling, honorarium happy chance and favouritism in facilities on the productiveness of pistillate employees with the mediating effect of stock shipment and art rapture. The research is focused on the sequestered study empyrean. The population frame is the egg-producing(prenominal)t individuallyers in the private education institutes. A sample of 130 effeminate teachers is collected for this force field.The framework is real for our reckon for checking the impress of glass ceiling, salary porta and favouritism in facilities on the productiveness of female employees. The hypotheses argon developed an d after the data analysis some(prenominal) of the theory argon rejected and some of the scheme ar non rejected. The hypotheses that the glass ceiling, favoritism in facilities and salary gap has vetoly charged overhear-to doe with on employee productiveness is accepted which made us to conclude that these discrimination has a big encroachment on employee productiveness and ultimately systemal performance.This believe will give some guidelines to the managers and policy makers in whatever organization that how to reduce these discriminations. Key nomenclature Gender discrimination, Glass ceiling, Employee productiveness, salary gap, discrimination in facilities, undertaking satisfaction, contemplate connectedness, Paper type Research Paper1. Introduction1.1 Significance/Rationales of studyThe study came up with the solutions to the problem of sexual urge discrimination at work place. This study will help the community to be awargon of this dominating problem of sexual practice discrimination and its reasons. This study can as sanitary nonice the positive and negative effects of discrimination on the world of business and personal lives of people. Gender discrimination is a wide phenomenon which is affecting every political, social and economic life. In this era where everyone think that thither should be make up rights for men and women, there atomic number 18 some occurrences of people who atomic number 18 goence discriminated because of their gender. It is not an issue, which one can easily tolerate or ignore.Gender discrimination is understood as the unequal treatment against people of either sex, but statistics commemorates that women argon the one who atomic number 18 much discriminated just being a female (Lila Adhikari, 2008). Gender issues were archetypal pointed out in 1950s, but its been highlighted in organization and management studies in betwixt 1980s and 1990s. In this duration many studies on effect of gender discrimination on employees were conducted. One study shows that gender discrimination is inversely proportional to seam lading and satisfaction which call ups it reduces the employees productivity which ultimately affectsthe organizational productivity (Zahid Ali Channar, 2011).Many factors have been set which atomic number 18 responsible for gender discrimination in work place, which ar education, forward motion, marriage and child head and environment. If we look in context of promotion, a wide practice used is glass ceiling, a cognitive process by which women are not promoted to high take of jobs (Bell, 2002). Last yr report issued by a commission of glass ceiling that shows that there are lone(prenominal) 7 to 9 percent of managers that are in senior positions are women at fortune 1000 (kom and catalyst, 2012). 81 % employers dislike to hire a female. 49 % not carefully planning their careers to benefit women and above of all a survey tells that only 1 percent CEO s or even slight than 1 percent take it as first concern, the development of women (Mauricio, 2012). 1.2 Problem StatementHRM in any organization is link up to staffing, motivating and maintaining the organization (Decenzo, 1998). 50 years ago, due to homogeneity of work force the HRM was very simple, but now-a-days the workforce is heterogeneous. Managing this heterogeneity necessary such a staff that can create an equitable environment so that no assemblage has any kind of advantage or disadvantage on former(a) group (Wayne, 1995). Heterogeneity in workplace gave birth to gender discrimination, which has become an intense situation in Pakistan and affecting the employees productivity (Qaiser Abbas, 2011).An employee perform difficult tasks for the survival and improvement of organization but gender discrimination reduces the employees satisfaction, loyalty and enthusiasm and subjoins the stress take aim which ultimately affects the productivity of an employee (Zahid Ali Ch annar, 2011). These studies did not discuss that how dimensions of gender discrimination effect the productivity of employee. The dimensions of gender discrimination include discrimination in promotions, discrimination in salary and discrimination in facilities provided. So there is a need to explore the effect of diametric dimensions of gender discrimination on the productivity of employee.1.3 Aim of the studyThis study investigates that how different dimensions of gender discrimination effect the employee productivity. It would be helpful for any organization in the process of policy making which will ultimately amplification the productivity of an organization. 1.4 Research Objectives1) To identify that whether gender discrimination has an effect on productivity of employees in private educational institutes. 2) To explore how the productivity of employees is affected by gender discrimination in promotion, salary and facilities provided in private educational institutes. 3) To examine the results of the survey.4) To recommend some reformed measures to the policy makers for the future. 1.5 Research Questions1) What is recounting betwixt the employee productivity and gender discrimination? 2) What is effect of gender discrimination in promotion, salary and facilities on the performance of an employee?2. Literature ReviewThis literature view is based on the evaluation of gender discrimination on employees productivity. The gender discrimination now exist or so of the organization around the world. Gender discrimination may exist in different dimensions like discrimination in promotions, facilities and Salaries. In simple words gender discrimination can be defined as the unfair treatment or way based on gender. It is said to occur when an individuals decision is based on gender. Gender discrimination was attempted to define by no law. If we look in the perspective of employment, it is giving much advantage to a particular group (Wayne, 1995). This thing results in the decreased productivity of employees. 2.1 Gender favouritism in Global PerspectiveThe first form of discrimination was found by the universal announcement of human rights (1948). Gender discrimination is now a social disease which is destroying the lives of women around the world. Sen (1991) shows us that if equal treatment and opportunities were given indeed there should be to a greater extent 100 million females than are curtly alive. Many measurings were taken to eliminate the gender discrimination but none of them was proved to be effective. The Beijing conference that documented 12 most prominent areas of discrimination was a big step in eliminating the gender discrimination (UNFPA, 2005). It is proved from the studies that gender discrimination has an influence on the employee productivity. A study shows that if there is a proper policy of gender discrimination there will be a change in employees productivity (Naqi Abbas, 2010).2.2 Glass CeilingWomen in workp lace face a wide practice called glass ceiling. This is a practice in which women are ignored when making a promotion policy or promoting an employee. We can see that in every organization the executive posts are held by males. According to a study only 3 percent of the most paid executives are female and these posts are disproportionately held by men (Healy and Zukka, 2004).Women are broadly entrusted in small projects not the big one. They are being kept deprived from international assignment which is keeping away from their promotions. notch (1991) had conducted the study on international careers of women. His study clearly shows that there is a glass ceiling effect. Women are not being encouraged to do new projects on new markets and they are being kept at junior manager positions. Gender discrimination is not directly related to productivity.The notification of employee productivity and gender discrimination is intermediate by job satisfaction and job lading. Employees wh o faces policies and practices of gender discrimination show less satisfaction with their job (Ensher et al, 2001). When individuals face gender discrimination in workplace they show a low level of job commitment so gender discrimination has a negative relation with job commitment and job satisfaction (Sharon Foley, 2005). Gender discrimination creates tension and reduces the satisfaction of people and it is the study of 139 Hispanic male and female (Sanchez, 1996).The productivity of a happy proletarian is higher than an unhappy worker (Rabins, 1999,). Employee satisfaction plays a vital role in its productivity and there is a significant relation of job satisfaction with employee productivity (Pushpakumari, 2008). hire out satisfaction lead to organizational responsibility, mental health and in the long imbibe employee productivity (Coomber, 2007).Another study shows us that the organizations who perceive great gender discrimination report less satisfaction and commitment (El len A. Ensher, 2001). The hypotheses are given under 1) Glass ceiling has negative impact on employee productivity. 2) Glass ceiling is negatively related with employee productivity. 3) Job Satisfaction is positively related with employee productivity. 4) Job satisfaction mediates the relation amid gender discrimination in promotions and employee productivity. 2.3 Discrimination in facilitiesIn a workplace an employee is provided with many facilities which helps them to complete their task which include computers, air conditioners, assistant and transport facilities etc. If on a work place if such kind of facilities are provided to a male employee and not provided to a female employee of a same post. The female employee will start to think that the upper management dont care nearly them which will increase their stress level and the satisfaction level of that employee cold be decreased which will affect the employees productivity. The hypotheses are given below 1) Gender discrimi nation in facilities has negative impact on employee productivity. 2) Gender discrimination in facilities is negatively related with job satisfaction. 3) Job Satisfaction mediates the race between gender discrimination in facilities and employee productivity.2.4 allowance GapAnother dimension of discrimination is the Salary gap. Women usually get low pay then men in any job they are appointed. Ashraf and Ashraf (1993) study shows that there is a gap of 63.27 percent in salary in 1979, and in 1986 it decreases to 33.09 percent. This was the decline in every province. Discrimination is not the phenomenon of one or cardinal countries, it exist in most of the developed countries like USA. A study showed that women dietitians in USA earn 45,258 dollars per year while men earn 50,250 dollars per year (Pollard, 2007). Managers at surmount level in organization mostly prefer their own interest rather than others.They think that superiors who have power on their careers will second them . According to Susan et al (1998) mostly top managers in any organization are the people who are more biased against females and these people save interest of their own. The study shows that job commitment is significant related with productivity, there exist high degree of correlational statistics between commitment and productivity. Individuals that are highly committed proved to be more productive and have higher satisfaction and have no designing to leave the job rather than employee with low job commitment (Varsha, 2012). The hypotheses are given below 1) Salary gap has negative impact on employee productivity.2) Salary gap is negatively related with job commitment3) Job Commitment is positively related with employee productivity 4) Job Commitment mediates the relation between salary gap and employee productivity.2.5 Gender discrimination in PakistanPakistan is similarly one of the countries where gender discrimination is seen in most of the organizations. We all know Pakist an is a male dominating society and women are being treated unfairly in every field of profession. Gender discrimination has spread its root from public organizations to private organizations. Women are being kept at low level jobs and they are not promoted to high posts due to biasness of top level managers and policy makers. A study by Ghizala Kazi (2011) shows us that no women in the public organizations are in the home of 20 or more.There are very few women above scale 15. Most of the women are under 15th scale, which shows the situation of discrimination in Pakistan. Many factors for this situation were identify like education, promotion, environment, child bearing and discrimination. If such kinds of discrimination is eliminated than the productivity of these women employees could be increased. There are evidences that the promotion of gender equality leads to a better performance and improved economy of concerned society.The societies who have greater female employment oppor tunities are less corrupt and have better governance (Klasen, 2006). This is not the end of discriminations in Pakistan. A women employee is also discriminated in Salary, which is a basic right of an employee that he should get counterbalance according to his work and post. In Pakistan you will see men and women working on same job level but different pay. In the report of poverty in Pakistan it is clearly proved that mass of women are concentrated in low paid jobs with very few opportunity for moving upwards (Shah et al, 2004).If we look in the export industries of Pakistan which is a backbone in measurement of economy of Pakistan we will see the similar situation of discrimination. The study of Siddique (2006) surveyed the industries of export that are in Karachi, Sialkot and Faisalabad. The results from this study confirms the gender discrimination and shows that men were getting 20 percent more than then women working at the same post. It was also reason out that adjustment policies and change in labor market has a negative impact on females. To have maximum output from women employee the organizational culture of discrimination should be changed. organizational culture affects the performance of employee. Organizational environment and culture can make the workplace attractive and take overive for a female employee. Attitudes of peers and support from family are also very significant for the female employee (Irfan, 2009). Many studies have discussed the gender discrimination as a general term but there is need to explore the discrimination in different dimensions and how these dimensions affect the productivity of employees. Gender discrimination has lead dimensions which include discrimination in promotions, salary and facilities provided. So this study will be based on exploring the effect of dimensions of gender discrimination on productivity of employees.3. Conceptual frameworkIn the literature review of this topic the framework has been defined which show the relationship between the variables.Correlation is basically run to analyze the relationship between two or more variable. It also measure that how two variables move in relation to each other. It measures the strength and heed of bilinear relationship between two variables with respect to each other. The sign of the protect shows the direction that whether it is negative or positive. Positive sign shows that the variables are moving in same direction means if one variable is change magnitude the other variable is also increasing and negative sign shows that if one variable is increasing then other variable is decreasing.The magnitude shows the intensity between variable. If the value is between 0.1 and 0.5 then the variables are weakly correlated. If the value is between 0.5 and 0.7 then the variables are moderately correlated. If the value is between 0.7 and 0.99 then the variables are strongly correlated. The value 1 shows the perfect correlation between variab les. Table 5 shows the intensity and the direction of any two variables. Highest value of correlation is 0.753 which is between gender discrimination in facilities and glass ceiling. So the correlation between discrimination in facilities and glass ceiling is positive and strongly correlated.The relationship between DF and EP, and DF and JS, and JC and SG is negative. So it means that if you have more salary gap than your commitment to job will be less but its value is less than any else two variables, so we can say that job commitment will be less but with very small value, and if you have more discrimination in facilities then your productivity will be less. The remaining variables have positive relation with each other. The relationship is significant at 1% which means there are 99% chances that the relationship between all two variables will remain the same if the sample is changes and sample size and population system same as shown in the table given below.5.7 RegressionThis r esearch is to check the effect of gender discrimination dimensions which are glass ceiling, salary gap and discrimination in facilities on the employee productivity. This research also includes two mediating variables job satisfaction and job commitment. Job satisfaction is mediating between glass ceiling and employee productivity and also discrimination in facilities and employee productivity. Job commitment is mediating between salary gap and employee productivity. For this 9 surmise were developed. For the purpose of checking the impact regression has been applied.The model has only one dependent variable so there will be one model of regression par. There will be separate equation for mediating variable to check the mediating effect of variables between independent and dependent variable. In first model we run the regression equation between EP, GC, DF, SG, JC and Job satisfaction. 5.7.1 Regression EquationEP = 4.66 0.38GC 0.86DF 0.26SG + 0.017JC + 0.167JSThe Above equation shows that if all the other variables remain unchanged or have value of zero then the productivity of employee remains at 14.66. It is the fixed value of employee productivity. The coefficient values tell the per unit change in the employee productivity so if we increase the value of GC, SG and DF then the value of employee productivity will decrease by 0.38, 0.86 and 0.26 respectively. If the value of job commitment increases by one then the value of employee productivity will increase by 0.017. The hypotheses of glass ceiling, discrimination in facilities and job satisfaction are accepted. If the value of job satisfaction is increased then the value of employee productivity will increase by 5.10 Kruskal Wallis TestThe non-parametric ladder will be used that is kruskal-Wallis test. Whenever the speculation of levene test is not fulfilled the non-parametric test i.e. kruskal-Wallis test is used. So kruskal-Wallis test is applied to check the level of job commitment in the females who are earning less than 30,000 between 30,000 and 40,000 and more than 40,000. The table given below shows that the asymptotic value is greater than 0.05so test is insignificant. So there is no difference in the amount of glass ceiling in all three populations. So we can conclude that there is no significant difference between the mean of all three population p = 0.509, with a mean rank of 73.45 for below 30,000, 65.20 for 30,000 to 40,000 and 73.00 for above 40,000.6. DiscussionThis study is conducted to check the impact of gender discrimination on the productivity of employees. The study included three dimensions of gender discrimination that is discrimination in promotions, discrimination in facilities and discrimination in salary. With the help of previous studies it is found that all these discriminations have negative impact on employee productivity which is mention in literature view. The hypotheses were developed for this study. There are 12 hypotheses that are developed . outset conjecture is that glass ceiling has negative impact on employee productivity.This dead reckoning is checked after launching the data into SPSS. He results show that glass ceiling does have negative impact on employee productivity. If women are not being promoted to higher job positions and if there is no such policies related to gender discrimination then the productivity of female employee decreases. Second guessing was that the glass ceiling is negatively related with job satisfaction. this hypothesis is checked through the correlation. The table 5 of correlation clearly shows that glass ceiling is negatively related with the job satisfaction and result is also significant so this hypothesis is supported.Third hypothesis is that the job satisfaction is positively related with the employee productivity. The table of correlation shows the positive relation between the two variables. So employee productivity increases as the job satisfactions continues to increase and if job satisfaction decreases the employee productivity also decreases. fourthly hypothesis is that the job satisfaction is mediating between glass ceiling and employee productivity. This hypothesis is checked through the intermediation test which consists of four steps. This test did not support the hypothesis so this hypothesis is rejected.Fifth hypothesis is that the discrimination in facilities has negative impact on the employee productivity. This hypothesis is checked by regression. Discrimination in facilities has the negative impact on the employee productivity and it is also significant. So this hypothesis is also supported. The sixth hypothesis is that discrimination in facilities is negatively related with the job satisfaction. This hypothesis is supported because the correlation between them is negative in the table 5. So the discrimination in facilities increases then the satisfaction with the job decreases.The conterminous hypothesis is that the job satisfaction play s the mediating role between the discrimination in facilities and employee productivity. This hypothesis is also checked by the mediation test the result is shown in the table 8 which shows that this hypothesis is not supported. It means that job satisfaction is not mediating between discrimination in facilities and employee productivity. The eights hypothesis that was developed is that salary gap has negative impact on the employee productivity. The hypothesis is not supported as it is checked by regression test which is shown in the table 6. It has negative impact but it is not significant means that if gap is more in salary then employee productivity decreases but not significantly. The ninth hypothesis is that salary gap is negatively related with job commitment.The hypothesis is checked with the correlation which is shown in the table 5 of correlation which shows that the relation between these two variables is negative. So salary gap reduces the job commitment of female employ ees. The next hypothesis that is developed is that the job commitment is positively related with the employee productivity. The relation is checked with the correlation and hypothesis is supported because results show that there is positive relation between salary gap and job commitment and it issignificant. It means more job commitment the more employee productivity. The next hypothesis is that job commitment mediated the relation between the salary gap and employee productivity. This hypothesis is checked by the mediation test and it is not supported. The results show that job commitment does not play a mediating role between salary gap and employee productivity.The t test is also applied to check that whether the level of variables is also applicable on the population. The results are shown in the table 9. This table shows that all the values of p are significant so the level is also the same as the population. The level of job commitment is also checked in the three population r elated to different income groups that is below 30,000, 30,000-40,000 and more than 40,000.For this purpose the analysis of variance is applied but for ANOVA the surmisal of levene test should be fulfilled that is its value should be insignificant. The table 10 shows that levene test assumption is not fulfilled so the non-parametric test is used. The non-parametric test is the Kruskal-Willis test. This test is applied and the hypothesis is rejected as its asymptotic value is not significant. So it means that the there is no significant difference between the job commitment of females who are earning less than 30000, 30000-40000 and more than 40000.7. ImplicationThrough this study the impact of gender discrimination is checked on the employee productivity. The productivity of an employee is much important for an organization. So the management should consider the issue of gender discrimination as it is shown that the gender discrimination has negative impact on the employee producti vity. As our sector for this research is the private education institutes which are very important sector for a developing countries so the management should consider reforming its policies. The management should make transparent, merit based recruitment and selection, it should also provide the raising for better performance of female employee so that they can be promoted, they could be provided similarly facilities and different bonus so that they compete economically with the men as all these discriminations are effecting their productivity. 8. LimitationThis study was only focused to the three dimensions of gender discriminationand employee productivity is the only variable that is measured that effect the productivity of organization. This research was only examining the education sector and the data was collected only from private institutions. The data was also 140 and it was collected only from the schools that are in the city area the educations institutes in the village w as not collected so therefore the ability of generalizability of our findings were restricted and this can lead us to the biasness of respondents (Paul et al., 2003).9. ConclusionThis study provided an insight that how the dimensions of gender discrimination affect the productivity of employee. The data has been collected from different private education institutes through questionnaire. After the analysis that we have done on SPSS we can conclude that gender discrimination has a negative impact on the employee productivity which ultimately affect the performance of employee. The result of impact of salary gap on the employee productivity is not significant. So if the organizations want to perform well then they should keep the gender discrimination out of their organizations in order to make their female employees perform well which will be beneficial for the organization.10. ReferencesChannar, Z. A. (2011). Gender Discrimination in Workforce and its impaction. Pak. J. Commer. Soc . Sci, Vol. 5, pp. 177-191. Dixit, V. (2012). A Study about Employee Commitment and its impact. European Journal of Business and Social Sciences, Vol. 1, pp. 34-51. Abbas, S. M. (2010). Gender Based Wage Discrimination and Its Impact on Performance of Blue Collar Workers Evidence. KASBIT Business Journal, Vol. 3, pp. 45-63. Hiau, Joo. Kee. (2008) Glass ceiling or sticky infrastructure exploring the Australian gender pay gap.The Economic Record, Vol. 82, No.59, pp. 408-427. Foley, S. (2005). Perceptions of Discrimination and Justice Are there Gender Differences in Outcomes? Group & Organization Management, Vol. 30, pp. 421-452. Ashraf, J, and B. Ashraf (1993) Estimating the Gender Wage Gap in Rawalpindi City. Journal of Development Studies 292. Ensher, E. A., Grant-Vallone, E. J., & Donalson, S. I. (2001). effect of perceive discrimination on job satisfaction,organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behavior, and grievances. Human Resource Development Quarterly, Vol. 12, pp. 53-72. diplomacy Pollard, Maxine Taylor and Noba Daher, Health Care Manager Jan-Mar2007, Vol. 26 Issue 1, p52-63, 12p, 4 charts Ensher, E. A. (2011).Effects of Perceived discrimination on job satisfaction, organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behaviour and grievances. Human resource development quarterly, Vol. 1. Coomber B, Barriball KL. 2007Impact of job satisfactions on intent to leave and turnover for hospital based nurses a review of the research literature, worldwide Journal of Nursing Studies, Vol. 44, pp. 297-314. Joanne Healy and Zucca J. Linda Mid-American Journal of Business Spring2004, Vol. 19 Issue 1, pp. 55-62. Sen, Amartya, 1999, Assessing Human Development Special constituent Human Development Report 1999 (New York UNDP). Shah, Parveen. Memon, Rajab. A. (2004). Socio-economic and demographic status of rural women in Sindh.Proceedings of the international conference on social sciences endangered and engendered, Fatima Jinnah women university , Rawalpindi, Pakistan, pp. 98-113. Nick, Foster. (1999) another glass ceiling? The experiences of women professionals and managers on international assignments, Gender, Work and Organization, Blackwell newspapers ltd., Vol. 6, no. 2, pp.79-89.United Nation Population Fund (UNFPA), 2004, Programme of Action Adopted at the International Conference on Population and Development, Cairo 1994 Wayne, F. Casico, (1995) Managing Human Resource, Productivity, Quality of work life, Profits, McGraw hill Internationals, fourth ed. pp. 61-116. Susan, Trentham. Laurie, Larwood, (1998) Gender discrimination and the workplace an examination of rational bias theory, Sex Roles A Journal of Research, Jan, 1998, pp. 1-22. Sanchez, J. I., & Brock, P. (1996). Outcomes of perceived discrimination among Hispanic employees Is diversity management a luxury or a necessity? academy of Management Journal, 39 (3), 704719.11. AppendicesQuestionnaire We are students of B.sc (Hons) Accounting & Finance, currentl y doing a research project on gender discrimination and its Impact on employees performancefor which the questionnaire is being distributed to collect empirical data. Therefore you are kindly requested to fill this questionnaire. The information will be kept confidential and will be used for only academic Purpose it will take 15-20 min to complete the data. Thank you in anticipation (Strongly Disagree = 1, Strongly Agree = 5) Employee Productivity

Philippine Culture Essay

The stopping point of the Philippines is very diverse. This is due to the slanted combination of different nations with our coun examine. Its culture is reflected by the complexity of the history of the Philippines through the bl overthrowing of Pre-Hispanic innate Austronesian civilizations. There argon a number of countries that have influenced Philippine culture such(prenominal) as Spain, f any in States, China, India, and the Arabs. The influences of these countries ar visible in the various practices of the Philippines up to the present. The Spaniards brought the Spanish language, Catholicism and different religious celebrations such as fiestas. The American influence is evident in the use of the English language and the presence of modern-day pop culture such as fast-food, music, movies, basketball and media. The Arabs and Indians brought Islam to the southern close to island of the Philippines along with their own customs and traditions. The Chinese brought trade a nd commerce to the country as well as their affirmation of the importance of regard and family. confederationThe locals of the Philippines are called Philippines. Their primary ancestors are the Malays who came from the southeastern Asian country which is now called Indonesia. The Philippines is a combined society, both singular and plural in form. It is singular as one nation, but plural in that it is scattered geographically and culturally. The nation is divided between Christians, Muslims, and other religious-ethno-linguistic groups between urban and rural people between upland and lowland people and between the rich and the poor. Although different in numerous ways, the Filipinos are very hospitable and give appropriate respect to everybody regardless of race, culture and tenet.FamilyIn a traditional Filipino family, the father is considered the head and the provider of the family speckle the mother takes responsibility of the domestic needs and in bourgeon of the emotiona l growth and set formation of the children. Children see their mothers as soft and calm, while they regard their fathers as strong and the more or less eminent figure in the family.A nonher p fine articular trait of Filipinos is their strong respect for olders. Children are taught from birth how to say po and opo to teach them as early as possible how to aright respect their elders. These words are used to show respect to people of older level. Upon arriving home, conservative families inquire children to practice the kissing of hands or touching their parents or elder family members hand to their foreheads with the words mano po as a sort of greeting.Within the family, the parents are expected to receive the full(prenominal)est respect from the children along with the elder siblings, as they are given the responsibility to look later younger siblings when parents are not around. reply back or addressing parents or elder siblings with an arrogant tone are not at all tolerate d in children. The children are also not allowed to leave the house without their parents permission.Upon reaching adulthood, Filipino children are not obliged to leave their homes after finishing school. In fact, most of them maintain their close relationship with their parents by staying at home at least before they get married. Moreover, Filipinos keep close connection with other relatives. They recognize them from the second degree to the last they can identify.WeddingsThe majority of Filipino weddings are now Catholic weddings, but approximately native traditions remain. Most have special sponsors who act as witnesses to the marriage. The principal sponsors could be godparents, counselors, a favorite uncle and aunt, even a parent. Secondary sponsors handle special parts of the ceremony, such as the candle, cord and veil ceremonies. Candle sponsors light two candles, which the bride and groom use to light a whizz candle to symbolize the joining of the two families and to invok e the light of Christ in their married life. obscure sponsors place a white veil over the brides head and the grooms shoulders, a symbol of two people clothed as one. Cord sponsors drape the yugal (a decorative silk cord in a figure-eight shape) over the shoulders of the bride and groom to symbolize everlasting fidelity. The groom gives the bride 13 coins or arrhae, blessed by the priest, as a sign of his dedication to his wifes well-being and the welfare of their future children. closeDeath in the Philippines is one of the most important occasions in family life, as attested to by a humorous statement that families have large reunions only during Binyag, Kasal at Libing (Baptisms, Weddings, and Burials/Funerals). Once a Filipino dies, it is traditional to hold a wake. Deceased men are dressed in the traditional Barong Tagalog while women are dressed in either black dresses or in their best dress. Relatives that are encompassing(prenominal) to the deceased are customarily dressed in black, and women use black veils as well. Caskets of Filipinos are practically covered with glass, with the inner part of the lid containing ribbons with the names of the deceased persons immediate family. target the casket is a crucifix between two candles. Flowers are often given in sympathy to the family, with a message from the donor written on a ribbon attached to the flowers. Family members keep vigil, pray, eat, talk, and socialise with guests. It is traditional, as with the other aspects of Philippine culture, to be hospitable to the guests this is done by offering food and refreshments to those affliction with the family.After the death of a person, a nine-day period of having a novena of prayers and Masses offered up to the deceased is held, although the showtime of the Siyam na araw varies, but usually ends the week after the death. Another period follows after death, the 40-day mourning period. Family members argue their state of bereavement by wearing a small , black rectangular plastic pin on their left breast or breast pocket area. A ceremonial mass is held at the end of this 40 day period. Common belief states that the soul goes to Heaven after these 40 days, following the belief that Jesus Christ ascended to Heaven after the said period of days. The 1 year death anniversary is also a bit significant, as well as the subsequent birth anniversaries of the deceased. Many unknown relatives come to mourn the death of their lost ones. Death is very emotional experience among those close to the deceased. setThe Filipinos are known to be hospitable. But aside from this trait, there are many other values that the Filipinos possess which help them live harmoniously with their neighbors. These have also do the Filipinos appealing towards others due to their engaging demeanor. The following are somewhat of the Filipino valuesBayanihan is the creation of an association with neighbors and helping whenever one is in disastrous need. Close Famil y Ties are something the Filipinos are well-known for. The primary social welfare system for the Filipino is the family. Many Filipinos live near their family for most of their lives, even as independent adults.Pakikisama or harmony, involves getting along with others to preserve a harmonious relationship.Hiya is shame and a motivating factor behind behavior. It is a esthesis of social decency and compliance to public norms and behavior. Filipinos weigh they must live up to the accepted standards of behavior and if they pop off to do so they bring shame not only upon themselves, but also upon their family.Utang na Loob or Debt of Gratitude, is owed by one to a person who has helped him great. There is a local saying Ang Hindi marunong lumingon sa pinanggalinangan ay hindi makakarating sa paroroonan, meaning, One who does not look back o where he started, will no get to where he is going.Amor Propio is concern for self image. Filipinos believe that how they present themselves to others is an important aspect to be accepted in society.Delicadeza or sense of propriety refers to sensitivity regarding the limits of proper behavior or ethics in a situation. Filipinos try to avoid even the appearance of impropriety.Palabra de Honor or word of honor is very important to the Filipinos. They believe that one must keep their word whenever they make a promise for the person to whom one has made a promise will count on it.BeliefsBefore the coming of the Spaniards and the introduction of Roman Catholicism, the innate inhabitants were believer of animism, or the worship of nature. Bathala was the supreme god of the tagalogs, symbolized by the sun. Other Tagalog gods and goddesses include the moon, stars, and even objects such as trees, shrubs, folds, or rocks. The spirits consist of aswang (ghoul), tikbalang, (a man having the head of a horse), kapre (a giant that smokes tabacco), tiyanak(resurrected aborted babies), dwende (dwarves and elves), engkanto (minor spirits) , and diwata (fairies and nymphs).FoodA typical Filipino meal consists of at least one viand (ulam) served with boiled or fried rice (kanin). Filipinos also regularly use spoons together with forks. They also eat with their hands, especially in informal settings and when alimentation seafood. Accompanying rice, popular dishes such as adobo (a meat stew made from either pork or chicken), lumpia (mat or vegetable rolls), pancit (noodle dish), and lechon (whole roasted pig) are served on plate. Other popular dishes include afritada, asado, chorizo sausages used in pancit or fried rice, empanadas, mais (corn), mani (roasted peanuts), paksiw ( tilt, cooked in vinegar and water, some spices like garlic and pepper), pan de sal (salted bread rolls), pescado (fried or grilled fish), torta (omelette).Indigenous Filipino and regional cuisine include dinuguan, kare-kare (ox-tail stew), kilawen, pinakbet (vegetable stew), pinapaitan, and sinigang (tamarind soup with a variety of pork, fish or sh rimp). One delicacy eaten by the Filipino people but are reprehensible to some western cultures is balut (a boiled fertilized duck egg). Popular snacks and desserts indulged in are chicharon, halo-halo, puto, bibingka, ensaymada, polvoron, and tsokolate. Popular local liquors include lambanog, tuba, and basi.computer architecturePre-Hispanic architecture is usually characterized by using indigenous woody materials. The bahay kubo is the mainstream form of housing. It is characterized by the use of indigenous materials such as bamboo and coconut as the main source of wood. Cogon grass and nipa palm leaves are used as roof thatching, although coconut fronds are also used. Most are usually on stilts due to the frequent floods and rainwater during the wet season. Regional variations include the use of thicker and denser roof thatching in mountain areas, longer stilts on coastal areas especially if the twist is built outright on the water.The architecture of some tribes in other regions is characterized by very angular wooden roofs, bamboo in place of leafy thatching and rhetorical wooden carvings, especially on Mindanao Island. The Spanish introduced stones as housing materials. The introduction of Christianity brought western style churches and by and by became the center of most towns. Colonial era architecture still survives in Intramuros and Vigan. Contemporary architecture usually favors western-style structures although pre-Hispanic housing is still largely common in rural areas. American style suburban gated communities are popular in the cities, especially Metro manila paper and surrounding provinces.Famous Art bring ins in the PhilippinesEDSA People force-out MonumentEDSA, Quezon CityThe commemoration towering along EDSA was designed by sculptor Eduardo Castrillo in 1993. The structure was cast to serve as a tribute to the brave Filipinos who marched along the now-historic avenue of EDSA during the 1986 People post rotation to overthrow former pres ident Ferdinand Marcos.Quezon Memorial CircleElliptical Road, Quezon CityThe Quezon Memorial Circle, the tallest troika structure in Quezon City, was designed by Filipino architect Federico Ilustre. The three vertical pylons of this 66 (Quezons age when he died) meter tall monument correspond to the three major islands of the Philippines(Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao). Each is exceed with a mourning angel holding a sampaguita wreath, all crafted by an Italian sculptor named Francesco Riccardo Monti. Housed deep down the two-story barrel-like base is a museum with the remains and other priceless treasures of the late President Manuel L. Quezon. The construction of this Carrara stain-made monument was effected in time for the centennial of Quezons birth in 1978. By the mandate of President Ferdinand Marcos, the situation was declared a National Historical Landmark under the Presidential Decree No. 260.U.P. offerUniversity of the PhilippinesThe University of the Philippines renown ed landmark, the Oblation, is a masterpiece of National Artist Guillermo Tolentino. In 1935, Guillermo was commissioned by Rafael Palma (then University President) to craft a monument that would express in visual form the second stanza of Jose Rizals Mi Ultimo goodbye (Last Farewell). The concrete statue multicoloured in bronze stands 3.5 meter high (to represent the 350 eld of Spanish colonization of the Philippines) on a pile of rocks symbolizing the islands of the Philippines. Funding for the statue was raised through a 2-month fund campaign that garnered P2,000. The model for the statue was widely rumored to be Fernando Poe, Sr. though there are sources that read that the real model was Guillermos student apprentice Anastacio Caedo.Andres Bonifacio MonumentBonifacio Circle, Monumento, Caloocan CityThe sculpture featuring a 45-foot high pylon topped by a winged figure of victory was crafted by national workman Guillermo Tolentino in 1929. It commemorates the famous proletari an hero Andres Bonifacio with his revolutionary group, the Katipunan, fighting for the causes of Philippine Revolution injustice, suffering and resistance. The Supremo in his Barong Tagalog, holding a bolo on his right hand and a revolver on the other, stands in front of 22 darkened bronze figures at the base of an octagonal obelisk, the number of sides of which symbolize the jump eight provinces that armed against the Spaniards. Other historic figures on the monument are Emilio Jacinto (the Brains of Katipunan) and the three hooded martyred priests (Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora). Leading to the monument are three steps which represent the three centuries of Spanish rule.Cultural Center of the PhilippinesRoxas Boulevard, Manila stand up on the 21-hectare piece of land along Roxas Boulevard, Manila is Leandro Locsins (National Artist for Architecture) envisioned edifice that serves as the Philippines national center for performing arts the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP). Thi s architectural work is considered one of the most significant landmarks in the country. Completed in 1969, the CCP main building faces the reclaimed land inManila Bay with its marble frontlet. At its sides are two arching columns beamed 12 meters from the terrace. In front is a large lagoon with fountains illuminated by underwater lights during nighttime. It houses four premier theaters, an ethnographic museum, galleries, and a Philippine arts and culture library.Manila Metropolitan Theater beginner Burgos Street, ManilaThe Manila Metropolitan Theater- located at the Padre Burgos Street was formerly Manilas premier venue for theatrical performances. Built in 1935, this art deco structure was designed by the distinguished Filipino architect Juan M. de Guzman Arellano. The bronze sculptures of female figures on the facade of the theater are works by the Italian sculptor Francesco Riccardo Monti. Inside, there are relief carvings of Philippine plants that adorns the lobby walls and interior surfaces of the building designed by the artist Isabelo Tampinco. It needed to be reconstructed after the US and Filipino liberation in Manila in 1945, fell into disuse in the 1960s, was partly restored in the following decade, and fell again into disrepair. It is currently undergoing renovation through Manila City regimens project to restore its historical buildings.The TransfigurationEternal Garden Memorial Park, Balintawak, Quezon CityThe strikingness and bronze sculpture entitled The Transfiguration (1979) is one of Napoleon Abuevas (national artist and Father of raw Philippine Sculpture) religious-themed creations, found at the Eternal Garden Memorial Park. His other famous masterpieces that attest to his religiousism include the Kiss of Judas (1955) and the Thirty Pieces of History.Pinaglabanan ShrineBarrio Paraiso, San Juan, Metro ManilaA major work of art by Filipino sculptor Eduardo Castrillo is his creation the Pinaglabanan Shrine (1974), located in San Juan, Metro Manila. alike known as Spirit of Pinaglabanan, the shrine is composed of three cut and welded brass figures on a 10 x 4.3 x 4.3 meter sculptured concrete base. This was built in commemoration of the source battle of the 1896 Revolution, which happened on this site.Filipino Struggles Through History (Mural)Bulwagang Katipunan, Manila City HallOne of the most striking murals of Carlos Botong Francisco entitled Filipino Struggles Through History (1963) can be found in the Bulwagang Katipunan of Manila City Hall. As commissioned by former Manila Mayor Antonio Villegas, this 270487 centimeter mural was painted in three panels chronicling the history of Manila and the Philippines. It depicts the panoramic episodes of the first great Rajahs of Tondo, the Spanish colonial period, the 1896 Revolution and other events up to the American colonial period. Also seen in this mural are famous Philippine historical personalities such as Jose Rizal, Andres Bonifacio, Francisco Balagtas, and Limahong.